Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining method. Using this method to achieve copper connections avoids many of the flaws and shortcomings of fusion welding methods. The weld seam appears uniform and smooth, with no defects, and the welding deformation is minimal compared to fusion welding (as shown in Figure 2). The welding operation is simple; before welding, only organic solvents like acetone are needed to remove grease from the joint surface, with no need to bevel the edges or remove oxide layers. After welding, there is no need to remove excess height, improving production efficiency. The welding process consumes little energy, requires no filler material, and has low welding costs.

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